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Full disclosure here: I am not a scientist, merely a science fan and occasional popular science writer. I only got the general gist of that abstract--that there was an organ that pumped fluid in animals a long long time ago--and I'm not likely to be able to clear up any questions.

Similarly, they're not my assertions. My point was not to claim this was the way it happened. My point was that if the original poster really wanted to know about the evolution of the human heart, there are lots of people out there trying to answer that question, and he might better spend his time reading some of that material than posing a bunch of gotcha questions.

So, if you will answer truthfully this one question. Do you know it is true that the infomation in this abstract represents warranted true belief?

I don't think I even understand that question! What is "warranted true belief"? And does "do you know it is true that the infomation..." mean something different than "do you know that the infomation..."?

Thank you for your response. It was truthful and honest. I appreciate that.

Warranted true belief is the definition of KNOWLEDGE. We have beliefs which may not be warranted (guaranteed) or true (they may be false, but we may hold those beliefs). The reason I ask the question is because evolutionist and theists alike make assertions which cannot be epistemically explicated. I have no doubt that they belief what they say, but when I ask why they believe their assertion, they are without explaination. I find the metaphysical naturalist (of which evolutionists are numbered among that crowd) take liberties which philosophy and inductive reasoning which cannot be supported.

I may say, "It is raining in Moscow, Russia". I have no objective evidence to prove the statement, but I believe it. The statement (belief) is not warranted, but I still believe it is raining there,.....and it might be true that it is raining there, but I cannot guarantee the statement.

That is what I mean by warranted true belief.

As you know, paleontology, anthropology, orogenic geological upheavals are studied as historical abductive sciences. These require a forensic scientific approach. Anatomy, chemistry, physics are largely adductive sciences and are studied mostly by direct examination, one of the many methodological scientific techniques.

Thank you for your response. Perhaps we all can learn something from each other.