Eternal Islam. From Mad Mo until today, the three choices come down to:
1. Convert to Islam
2. Pay the jizya infidel head tax
3. Be killed.
The head tax is set at whatever the local muslims demand. It’s usually so high that families must give up children to pay it. The boys became fanatical Janissaries in special military academies, the girls became sex slaves in harems.
That practice was pretty well limited to the Ottomans. The rest of what you say is quite accurate.