Applying a small voltage causes an atom to relocate, turning the switch on or off. The quantity of data exchanged via communications networks around the globe is growing at a breathtaking rate. The volume of data for wired and mobile communications is currently increasing by 23 and 57 percent respectively every year. It is impossible to predict when this growth will end. This also means that all network components must constantly be made more efficient. These components include so-called modulators, which convert the information that is originally available in electrical form into optical signals. Modulators are, therefore, nothing more than...