I'm not a structural engineer, but I'm pretty sure you can't just use glue instead of rivets, unless you have a portable autoclave. Interesting idea, though.
I know that some fiberglass can be patched with some epoxy and a new piece. Of course, you aren't dealing with pressurization and structural issues. The patch would also likely create a bulge.
I'll confess that I don't know if that works with carbon fiber or whether it would work with aircraft applications.
Bondo.