The Bible testifies to the establishment by Jesus Christ of a visible and hierarchical church vested with the authority to teach. If this church is not in the Catholic (or Orthodox) Church, where is it? One thing is clear is that is not any any of the Protestant churches which date from only the 16th century.
Thanks for making it clear what your argument is by your affirmations, which is what I see your church herself arguing, but by so doing you have effectively invalidated the NT church itself.
For, as per the Roman premise, if assurance of Truth cannot be obtained upon the weight of Scriptural substantiation, but requires an infallible magisterium, then it simply would have been impossible for anyone to have had assurance that Moses for instance, and his writings were of God, and that John the Baptist was as well, and ultimately the Lord Jesus.
Not at all. The authority of Moses is based firstly on the historical witness of the events of the Exodus. It is because of this witness that we can accept that what he wrote is divinely inspired. The same is true of Jesus Christ. We do not, at first, believe in the Resurrection because we find an account of it in divinely inspired Scripture but because of the reliable witness of the Apostles which was first preached orally. It is only because the Church first accepted this oral preaching that we can accept that the written accounts of this (by both apostles and non-apostles) can be credited as being divinely inspired. Otherwise we would have to accept the Scriptures as divinely inspired on no other basis than they seem so to me.
You are also confusing two things, what the Scriptures proclaim and what they mean. What they proclaim is only their ipsissima verb, their actual words. The meaning and significance of these words have been open to many interpretations, as the countless debates through history clearly show. In the Old Testament there was indeed no divinely established authority for their interpretation. Thus arose the role of the Scribes and Pharisees. But their attempts, like those of Protestant commentators, was only private. Then their came Pentecost in which the Holy Spirit guides and protects the visible and hierarchical church established by Jesus Christ. Thus the situation between the Old and New Testaments is radically different.
In addition, rather than an infallible magisterium being necessary to fulfill promises of Divine presence, providence of Truth, and preservation of faith, the fact is that both writings and men of God were recognized and established as being so without an infallible magisterium, and the Lord often preserved Truth by raising up “prophets, and wise men and scribes,” (cf. Mt. 23:34) from without the magisterium to reprove it. And thus the church began under rebels, the Lord and apostles and prophets, and thus it has continued, if not perfectly.
Not so. Since there was no Magisterium in the Old Testament--Pentecost not yet having occurred--there was nothing to reprove. The teachings of the Scribes and Pharisees was purely private, like that of the Protestants.
Every true evangelical would submit to such, but Rome is not even the running for with her “priests” (which distinctive word the Holy Spirit never calls them)…
Or showing NT pastors distinctively being titled “priests,” which distinctive word the Holy Spirit never calls them by, while presbuteros (elder) and episkopos (overseer) denote the same office (Titus 1:5-7);
The English word "priest" is a corruption and translations of the Greek "presbyters".
priest (n.)The use of the word "priest" to also translate the Greek hiereus and Latin sacerdos results from a deficiency in vocabulary and the fact that the only priesthood that was known to the English in the Middle Ages was that of the Catholic Church. This is in contrast to the Romance languages which have maintained two distinctive terms from the Latin.
Old English preost probably shortened from the older Germanic form represented by Old Saxon and Old High German prestar, Old Frisian prestere, all from Vulgar Latin *prester "priest," from Late Latin presbyter "presbyter, elder," from Greek presbyteros.
In the end, the Protestant claim that they teach the true Word of God fails because, without a divinely established Magisterium, the only thing that we can have assurance of is the ipsissima verbra of Scripture. Anything else to to add to Scripture.
Since Yeshua denounced the very idea of a “divinely established Magisterium,” declaring them to be Nicolaitans, there must be no church at all then!
A divinely established Magisterium is exactly what he did his best to prevent. He gave us his ancient scriptures to go by.
He said “it is written” before every doctrinal presentation he ever made.
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As you see the history of Protestantism as testifying against Sola Scriptura, so Rome invokes her claimed unbroken succession and stewardship of Divine revelation as testifying to her being that Divinely instituted assuredly infallible magisterium.
The Bible testifies to the establishment by Jesus Christ of a visible and hierarchical church vested with the authority to teach. If this church is not in the Catholic (or Orthodox) Church, where is it? One thing is clear is that is not any any of the Protestant churches which date from only the 16th century.
Rather, what is most manifestly and unequivocally clear is that the One True Church® simply cannot be the church of Rome, as its very foundational premise for its authority is contrary to Scripture, as is its gospel and many of its teachings.
Moreover, the Lord first established the one true church as being that is built as upon faith in the Lord Jesus, and by extension the Lord Jesus. For in contrast to Peter, that the LORD Jesus is the Rock (“petra”) or "stone" (“lithos,” and which denotes a large rock in Mk. 16:4) upon which the church is built is one of the most abundantly confirmed doctrines in the Bible (petra: Rm. 9:33; 1Cor. 10:4; 1Pet. 2:8; cf. Lk. 6:48; 1Cor. 3:11; lithos: Mat. 21:42; Mk.12:10-11; Lk. 20:17-18; Act. 4:11; Rm. 9:33; Eph. 2:20; cf. Dt. 32:4, Is. 28:16) including by Peter himself. (1Pt. 2:4-8) Rome's current catechism attempts to have Peter himself as the rock as well, but also affirms: “On the rock of this faith confessed by St Peter, Christ build his Church,” (pt. 1, sec. 2, cp. 2, para. 424) which understanding some of the ancients concur with.
After that, the household of God is built upon the foundation of the apostles and prophets, meaning their faith and testimony, Jesus Christ himself being the chief corner stone (Ephesians 2:20) — all of which were rebels against those, who like Rome, presumed of themselves a veracity above that which is written.
This church gained its members by true conversions by evangelical conviction “of sin, and of righteousness, and of judgment,” (Jn. 16:9) and faith, expressed in baptism, (Acts, 2:14-38; 10:36-47) God “purifying their hearts by faith,” (Acts 15:9) and which faith justified the unGodly, (Rm. 4:4-6) not because the act itself effected regeneration (even for morally incognizant souls who cannot fulfill the stated requirements for baptism that of repentant wholehearted faith: Act 2:38; 8:36,37).
Nor did baptism effect formal justification by infused inner holiness, making one justified by one's “own personal justice and holiness (causa formalis),” (Catholic Encyclopedia>Sanctifying Grace). And which under this false gospel begins the salvation process, and which thus typically ends with the soul becoming good enough (and atoning for sins) in Rome's mythical purgatory.
Nor did it preach or manifest the Lord's supper as being the source and summit of their faith around which all revolved, with NT ministers distinctively titled “priests” turning bread and wine into human flesh as the means of gaining spiritual and eternal life by physically eating, all of which is demonstrably foreign to Scripture.
Nor did it preach a distinction between brethren and “saints,” with non-saints going to suffer in purgatory commencing at death, and the latter in Heaven being able to hear multitudinous mental prayers from earth addressed to them, beseeching them for supernatural aid — an ability and office only God is shown as possessing.
Nor did it have leadership which gains their seat by employing murderous men (as Damasus 1), or were more like Judas than Peter.
And nowhere did it preach a perpetual assuredly infallible magisterium as the basis for determination and assurance of Truth, versus Scriptural substantiation in word and in power.
And while it upheld ordination, its authenticity was based on manifest Scriptural faith, not upon formal descent of office or professions, as it began in dissent from those who claimed it.
Nor was it a church in which the majority are liberals, as they are treated as members in life and in death.
This church certainly did have a visible and hierarchical manifestation, vested with the authority to teach, with a centralized magisterium of the apostles at Jerusalem in the beginning, which corporately dealt with basic controversies by elders coming to them, as they were readily available and accessible. Which office Westminster affirms, but not as assuredly infallible, which disqualifies Rome, but with the veracity of their judgments resting upon Scriptural substantiation as was the case in Acts 15.
The NT church was foundationally different church than that of Rome, and today the One True Church remains as being “the household of God; And are built upon the foundation of the [Scriptural] apostles and prophets, Jesus Christ himself being the chief corner stone,” (Eph. 2:20) which refers to the body of Christ, made up of all believers, not one particular church.
And since its foundation was the faith and testimony of Scriptural apostles and prophets, which dissented from those who sat in the seat of Moses, and what they preached is manifestly contrary to much of what Rome autocratically presumes and decrees as Truth thus those of this faith and body are compelled to dissent from Rome, as the early church did from the presumptions of the Jewish magisterium.
These believe the apostolic gospel of justification by faith, whereby all are accepted in the Beloved by imputed righteousness, and do directly to be with the Lord upon death, or upon the Lord's return. (Luke 23:43; Acts 7:59; 1Cor. 15:52; 2 Cor. 5:8; Phil. 1:23; 1 Th 4:17; 1Jn. 3:2)
By which they have their members, (1Cor. 12:13) and in obedient faith exist in visible churches which worship God and preach the word at length, uphold ordination, and discipline, baptism, the Lord's supper, anointing with oil, etc. but not after the perversions of Rome.
It does lack a universal centralized magisterium of the manifestly God-ordained apostles, who were readily accessible and available in Jerusalem, and under whose virtue and supernatural power the church had its limited unity, but this exists nowhere today in any place.
First, despite its cardinal importance for Catholicism, the warranted and needed support for apostolic succession is simply not seen in Scripture. There is zero evidence for any apostolic successors after Judas, though James was martyred: Acts 12:1,2, and who was chosen to maintain the original 12 apostles, (Rv. 21:14) and thus only one was elected, but which 12 apostles Rome does not have. Paul did not have his apostleship or gospel via the magisterium, and his affirmation by those “who seemed to be somewhat,” James, Cephas and John (Gal. 2, in the order the Holy Spirit listed them) was not to confer apostleship, but shows voluntary accountability.
The successor to Judas was even elected by the non-political method of casting lots, (Josh. 18:6; Prov. 16:33) not voting. (Acts 1:15ff) by which men were elected who were not even fit to be church members, and were to be disfellowshipped as such. (1Cor. 5:11-13)
Nor is there any manifest preparation for a successor to Peter, but in the light of his impending demise he directed them to Scripture as the more sure word of prophecy. (2Pt. 1:14-21)
Secondly, the requirement for an apostolic successor was that of a literal personal encounter and discipleship with the Lord. (Acts 1:21-22; 1Cor. 9:1; Gal. 1:11,12,17)
Moreover, the Peter of the NT was not that of a pope whom the church corporate looked to as its supreme assuredly infallible head, and in fact submission to him as the corporate head of the church is never enjoined or even mentioned as a solution in any of the epistles to the churches, or in the Lord's critique of the churches in Rv. 2+3, despite the many issues and problems these deal with. Nor is he even mentioned in the epistle to the church at Rome, among the many notable acquaintances of Paul.
In addition, without taking away from Peter's street-level leadership among brethren, and who as the first chosen to use the keys to the kingdom, that of the gospel by which souls enter the kingdom of Christ, (Col. 1:13) and judging those who denied it, (Acts 5) gave counsel in Acts 15 which Paul and Barnabas obviously also held, but it was not Peter who provided the definitive counsel on the matter, but James in Acts 15.
Thirdly, these apostles were manifest as being so by an extreme degree of tested virtue, and unmistakable overt and consistent supernatural attestation:
“But in all things approving ourselves as the ministers of God, in much patience, in afflictions, in necessities, in distresses, In stripes, in imprisonments, in tumults, in labours, in watchings, in fastings; By pureness, by knowledge, by longsuffering, by kindness, by the Holy Ghost, by love unfeigned, By the word of truth, by the power of God, by the armour of righteousness on the right hand and on the left, (2 Corinthians 6:4-7)
But have renounced the hidden things of dishonesty, not walking in craftiness, nor handling the word of God deceitfully; but by manifestation of the truth commending ourselves to every man's conscience in the sight of God. (2 Corinthians 4:2)
“Truly the signs of an apostle were wrought among you in all patience, in signs, and wonders, and mighty deeds.” (2Cor. 4:2; 6:4-10; 12)
Liars in the church could be supernaturally executed under Peter, (Acts 5:1-10) not by the sword of men as so-called successors to Peter employed (and early Prots had to unlearn from her), while electing manifestly immoral men as Ananias as popes.
Paul could threaten “if I come again, I will not spare,” (2Cor. 13:2) and that “I will know, not the speech of them which are puffed up, but the power For the kingdom of God is not in word, but in power, coming to the Corinthian church with a rod, (1 Corinthians 4:19-21) which was not the rod of men as the incestuous man in 1Cor. 5 grievously found out. And who could make opposition blind by the power of God. (Acts 13:11) And who thus could attest, “Through mighty signs and wonders, by the power of the Spirit of God; so that from Jerusalem, and round about unto Illyricum, I have fully preached the gospel of Christ.” (Romans 15:19)
It was under this manner of apostles the NT church had its unity, and as the former is not seen today neither is the latter in the same degree and quality. As this is how the church was designed to operate, and with its claim to be the church of the living God requiring continued Scriptural “manifestation of the Truth” as the NT did, so its existence as a type of divided kingdom and tribalism is both a judgment due to our spiritual declension, as well as being necessary since commitment to truth requires separation from error.
Meanwhile, only one time do we see an ecumenical council, and which was in Jerusalem, not Rome, and they would later be separated, nor was it called by a pope, while it was Paul himself who called the elders to a regional convention, (Acts 20:17ff) which can be realized today.
Unity under sola ecclesia, which Rome operates from, is more easily obtained, thus cults have the greatest degree of unity but is a counterfeit unity. It is those who are most strongly committed to the supremacy and authority of Scripture and virtue are the ones who would welcome true apostles today, while if any came back they would feel most at home in some small remnant type holiness church, not Rome (or most Protestant churches) whose elitist pretensions and inventions they would expose. As the foremost example of the progressive deformation of the NT church. Rome is not even in the running for being the One True (visible) Church which she arrogantly “infallibly” asserts she is.
I can go to a Southern Baptist church or Calvary Chapel, or many other such like, and be part of about 45 minutes of heartfelt worship and prayer, and an equal amount of preaching, followed occasionally by the Lords Supper. Plus Bible study and prayer meeting during the week. And enjoy “fellowship of the Spirit” (Phil. 2:1) with souls who realized manifest regeneration with its profound changes, and the Lord working to change lives, as part of the most conservative religious group in America. And which is the most visible manifestation of the church of the living God.
Or I can go to a Catholic church and be part of a ritualized 50 minute static liturgy, with a 10 minute sermonette by a mandatory celibate “priest,” but centered on consuming purportedly life-giving human flesh and blood, and see the usual perfunctory professions and display of spiritual deadness, and traditions of men taught as doctrines of God.
For i did so for over 30 years, 6 of which was even after i became manifestly born again through tearful repentance and faith in the Lord Jesus to save me as a damned and destitute sinner by His blood and righteousness, and i wondered why i was so different (though very much seeing my own faults), and sought some fellowship in the marginalized Catholic charismatics. Which were roped in so they did not become too evangelical.
Thus it is not Rome that is the one true visible church of the living God, but despite the propaganda about “superstantial bread,” it is overall the church of an institutionalized God with its deadness.
For, as per the Roman premise, if assurance of Truth cannot be obtained upon the weight of Scriptural substantiation, but requires an infallible magisterium, then it simply would have been impossible for anyone to have had assurance that Moses for instance, and his writings were of God, and that John the Baptist was as well, and ultimately the Lord Jesus.
Not at all. The authority of Moses is based firstly on the historical witness of the events of the Exodus. It is because of this witness that we can accept that what he wrote is divinely inspired.
The “historical witness” was not a claim to authenticity via historical descent, but supernatural substantiation. God supernaturally and unmistakably attested to the authority of Moses, which in turn affirmed the faith of Abraham. And through Moses God provided the Law (and i think most of the Pentateuch), and which became the transcendent standard for obedience and testing and establishing truth claims as the assured Word of God, and as is abundantly evidenced. And upon which further writings and men of God were established as being so.
And so it was Scripture that provided the historical witness of the events of the Exodus. Unless you believe in the liberal discredited JEDP source theory, as RC liberal scholarship.
The same is true of Jesus Christ. We do not, at first, believe in the Resurrection because we find an account of it in divinely inspired Scripture but because of the reliable witness of the Apostles which was first preached orally.
True, but you are missing the basis by which the apostles had any credibility. Like a faithful defender to Rome, you set forth the apostles as basis for assurance of faith, as you extrapolate from them the magisterium of Rome as being assuredly credible.
However, Christ and the apostles established their credibility upon Scriptural substantiation, by which souls obtained assurance of Truth. This oral preaching was dependent upon Scriptural being the supreme standard, thus the approx 275 references to it in the NT.
And as said, Divinely inspired apostles preaching the revealed word of God is not the same as presuming perpetual assured infallibility of office and teaching ancient legends as the word of God.
It is only because the Church first accepted this oral preaching that we can accept that the written accounts of this (by both apostles and non-apostles) can be credited as being divinely inspired.
Again, the Scriptural basis for this oral preaching testifies to the supremacy of Scripture. Meanwhile, we can go back and say that it was only because Israel accepted the oral and subsequently written tradition that souls had assurance that Isaiah 53 was of God, and over which was the Jewish magisterium, but which did not render them perpetually infallible and worthy of implicit assent, much less do the claims of Rome.
Otherwise we would have to accept the Scriptures as divinely inspired on no other basis than they seem so to me.
Rather, it is only because both men and writings were established as being of God without an assuredly infallible magisterium that we have a church, as Scripture was not essentially established as being divinely inspired by any magisterium of men, but like true men of God it was due to their unique Divine qualities and attestation, as conformity with what had prior been established.
You need to argue for oral tradition, for due to its nebulous nature it is inchoate and requires a supreme infallible authority if some oral teaching will be defined as equal to Scripture.
However, the oral tradition of the NT, though being a minority of it, was dependent upon the established written word of God as being the supreme transcendent standard by which all is judged. Thus the Lord Jesus did not appeals to Tradition as authoritative to substantiate His claims in providing the disciples the foundation for their faith, but,
he said unto them, These are the words which I spake unto you, while I was yet with you, that all things must be fulfilled, which were written in the law of Moses, and in the prophets, and in the psalms, concerning me. Then opened he their understanding, that they might understand the scriptures, (Luke 24:44-45)
And the evidence shows, any oral revelation called the Word of God/the Lord can be expected to have been written, as a study of that phrase will evidence.
Since both men and writings of God were established as being so without an assuredly infallible magisterium, and the church began in dissent from the magisterium of the historical organic witness to Moses by descent, then assurance of Truth can be realized without the infallible magisterium of Rome, and which is not the supreme authority.
In contrast, assurance of Truth for a RC is not the weight of evidence, but having submitted to Rome, it is the premise of the assured veracity of Rome. Thus as said, “All that we do [as must be patent enough now] is to submit our judgment and conform our beliefs to the authority Almighty God has set up on earth to teach us; this, and nothing else.” “The Vicar of Christ is the Vicar of God; to us the voice of the Pope is the voice of God. This, too, is why Catholics would never dream of calling in question the utterance of a priest in expounding Christian doctrine according to the teaching of the Church “Henry G. Graham, "What Faith Really Means."
You are also confusing two things, what the Scriptures proclaim and what they mean. What they proclaim is only their ipsissima verb, their actual words. The meaning and significance of these words have been open to many interpretations, as the countless debates through history clearly show.
I am not confusing two things. The comparison is between what Rome says as being the supreme authority, which things are both interpretive and subject to interpretation, versus what Scripture says, which is likewise both interpretive and subject to interpretation.
And the interpretive aspect did not and does not mean shared consent to core truths was not realized overall, as in the Apostle's Creed and other basic Truth, while allowing varying degrees of disagreement in other things. What Rome herself wrote has seen different interpretations by her, and her subjects.
In the Old Testament there was indeed no divinely established authority for their interpretation. Thus arose the role of the Scribes and Pharisees. But their attempts, like those of Protestant commentators, was only private. Then their came Pentecost in which the Holy Spirit guides and protects the visible and hierarchical church established by Jesus Christ. Thus the situation between the Old and New Testaments is radically different.
This is simply absurd and so much propaganda. The OT certainty did have divinely established authority for the interpretation of Scripture, and which parallels that given to the NT, both in application in civil matters and in doctrinal. (Lv. 10:10,11; Dt. 16:18; 17:8-13; 33:10; Neh. 8:8; 2Ch 19:8-10; Mal. 2:7)
And to Israel were also given promises of Divine guidance, presence and perpetuation, (Lv. 10:11; Dt. 4:31; 17:8-13; Is. 41:10, Ps. 89:33,34)
Attempting to relegate all this authoritative judging to being simply “private opinion” versus Rome, since it was not infallible, while disobedience sometimes could be a capital crime, (Dt. 17:12) and the Lord enjoined general obedience to the Jewish magisterium, stating the sat in the seat of Moses, (Mt. 23:2) is simply untenable, and testifies to Scripture being compelled to conform to support Rome.
The fact remains that men and writings were established as being of God, and assurance of Truth realized, without an assuredly infallible magisterium, and which is nowhere seen or promised, despite the claims of Rome and attempts to extrapolate it.
Not so. Since there was no Magisterium in the Old Testament--Pentecost not yet having occurred--there was nothing to reprove. The teachings of the Scribes and Pharisees was purely private, like that of the Protestants.
That is absurd. It was no more private than Rome is, as it was official and authoritative even like the US supreme court is, but it was not infallible, nor is Rome.
And the man that will do presumptuously, and will not hearken unto the priest that standeth to minister there before the Lord thy God, or unto the judge, even that man shall die: and thou shalt put away the evil from Israel. (Deuteronomy 17:12)
Saying, The scribes and the Pharisees sit in Moses' seat: All therefore whatsoever they bid you observe, that observe and do; but do not ye after their works: for they say, and do not. (Matthew 23:2-3)
This clearly refers to a magisterium (from Latin magister, which originally meant the office of a chief, director, superintendent, etc.) Other Roman Catholic apologists actually invoke them as official and authoritative in order to (erroneously) lay a foundation for the RC magisterium.
The English word "priest" is a corruption and translations of the Greek "presbyters".
Which is due to the RC priesthood being a s a corruption of the NT presbuteros. The use of presbuteros for priests is etymologically due to imposed functional equivalence, based upon the erroneous premise that NT pastors engaged in a uniquely sacrificial practice as their primary function, but which manifestly is not the case. NT pastors are never even noted as dispensing any physical food as part of their office, let alone turning it into human flesh and blood. Nor is 1Cor. 11:13-34 referring to that as being the body of Christ, but refers to not recognizing the unity of the body for which Christ died, which was to “shame them that have not,” by neglecting others while supposedly showing, declaring, the Lord's death by their communal meal.
Presbuteros means elder, while "hiereus" is the distinctive word which means "priest," and is NEVER used by the Holy Spirit for NT pastors. Instead, hiereus is ONLY used for Jewish or pagan priests, making a distinction btwn NT pastors and them, whose primary function is different and not unique.
The only sense in which pastors are priests is by being part of the general priesthood of all believers, as all are called to sacrifice. (1Pt. 2:5,9; Rm. 12:1; 15:16; Phil. 2:17; 4:18; Heb. 13:15,16; cf. 9:9)
"Priesthood as we know it in the Catholic church was unheard of during the first generation of Christianity, because at that time priesthood was still associated with animal sacrifices in both the Jewish and pagan religions." — Catholic Greg Dues in “Catholic Customs & Traditions
"So far as i know, it was only ca. 200 that the term “priest” started to be applied to the bishop and only still later was it applied to the presbyter... When the eucharist began to be thought of as a sacrifice, the person assigned to preside at the eucharist (bishop and later presbyter) would soon be called a priest, since priests were involved with sacrifice." — Raymond Brown (Sulpician Father and a prominent Biblical scholar), Q 95 Questions and Answers on the Bible, p. 125, with Imprimatur.
In the end, the Protestant claim that they teach the true Word of God fails because, without a divinely established Magisterium, the only thing that we can have assurance of is the ipsissima verbra of Scripture. Anything else to to add to Scripture.
That is absurd, for it remains that according to this logic, no one could have assurance of any Truth prior to the church, including that a prophet of God really was so, including John the Baptist, and that the Scriptures that the Lord invoked in substantiating His claims were Scripture, and consequently that the church was true!
Instead, since both writings and men of God were given and established as being so, and held as authoritative, and Truth preserved — all without a perpetual assuredly infallible magisterium, but upon Scriptural substantiation in word and in power — then the premise upon which the church of Rome presumes this status is false, as is her claim to be so.
No, He didn't. He gave some men gifts of teaching. Nowhere does it say that He invested the Roman church only with that authority.
If this church is not in the Catholic (or Orthodox) Church, where is it?
It's ALL believers who have been born again, regardless of denominational affiliation. The body of Christ is an organism, not an organization. There are saved and unsaved in every denomination. Catholicism is not the body of Christ. Neither are the Baptists, Pentecostals, Presbyterians, Methodists, whatever.
One thing is clear is that is not any any of the Protestant churches which date from only the 16th century.
SO what? Denominations are not the body of Christ.