He taught a deeper, spiritual knowledge of the Torah. That is what is meant by "new wine in old bottles." If you put new wine (new Torah) into old ways (Pharisees, who liked their system better than God's) the old wine bottles explode. They can't handle it. You need new bottles, people with uncircumcized hearts, who love God to carry the new wine.
And yes, the Jews were aware of many things we aren't even aware of today. After all, they stood in God's Presence.
Well, they weren't aware of a Suffering Servant being the Messiah. Even the Apostles weren't aware of that...
Regards