No it doesnt. Rhodes was pre-14th amendment.
The key point about Rhodes is that it - like all the other court rulings - equates citizenship at birth with ‘natural-born’ citizenship. They are the same:
“all persons born in the allegiance of the United States are natural-born citizens.”
If Obama was born in the allegiance of the United States, ie was a citizen at birth, he’s a natural-born US citizen.
He was born in allegiance to Great Britain, that much is known fact. Other allegiances at birth are only speculation, since no valid record of birth in the United States has been forthcoming.