It is all about shielding and exposure times. The shielding is based upon the mass of material that separates the person from exposure to space. The atmosphere provides about 10 tons per square meter of shielding for "earth normal" exposure. The magnetic field is also very helpful.
Don't get me wrong--I'd love to see us explore our solar system. I'm a huge fan of scifi. I also see our economy, our will to put people in danger for the sake of knowledge (non-existent) and other things going on.
It's just not going to be.