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Pioneering Neuroscientist Wilder Penfield: Why Don't We Have Intellectual Seizures?
Evolution News and Views ^ | April 21, 2016 | Michael Egnor

Posted on 04/21/2016 12:30:08 PM PDT by Heartlander

Pioneering Neuroscientist Wilder Penfield: Why Don't We Have Intellectual Seizures?

Michael Egnor April 21, 2016 12:00 PM | Permalink

Wilder Penfield was a pivotal figure in modern neurosurgery. He was an American-born neurosurgeon at the Montreal Neurological Institute who pioneered surgery for epilepsy. He was an accomplished scientist as well as a clinical surgeon, and made seminal contributions to our knowledge of cortical physiology, brain mapping, and intraoperative study of seizures and brain function under local anesthesia with patients awake who could report experiences during brain stimulation.

His surgical specialty was the mapping of seizure foci in the brain of awake (locally anesthetized) patients, using the patient's experience and response to precise brain stimulation to locate and safely excise discrete regions of the cortex that were causing seizures. Penfield revolutionized neurosurgery (every day in the operating room I use instruments he designed) and he revolutionized our understanding of brain function and its relation to the mind

Penfield began his career as a materialist, convinced that the mind was wholly a product of the brain. He finished his career as an emphatic dualist.

During surgery, Penfield observed that patients had a variable but limited response to brain stimulation. Sometimes the stimulation would cause a seizure or evoke a sensation, a perception, movement of muscles, a memory, or even a vivid emotion. Yet Penfield noticed that brain stimulation never evoked abstract thought. He wrote:

There is no area of gray matter, as far as my experience goes, in which local epileptic discharge brings to pass what could be called "mindaction"... there is no valid evidence that either epileptic discharge or electrical stimulation can activate the mind... If one stops to consider it, this is an arresting fact. The record of consciousness can be set in motion, complicated though it is, by the electrode or by epileptic discharge. An illusion of interpretation can be produced in the same way. But none of the actions we attribute to the mind has been initiated by electrode stimulation or epileptic discharge. If there were a mechanism in the brain that could do what the mind does, one might expect that the mechanism would betray its presence in a convincing manner by some better evidence of epileptic or electrode activations.1 [Emphasis added.]

Penfield noted that intellectual function -- abstract thought -- could only be switched off by brain stimulation or a seizure, but it could never be switched on in like manner. The brain was necessary for abstract thought, normally, but it was not sufficient for it. Abstract thought was something other than merely a process of the brain.

Penfield's observations bring to light a perplexing aspect of epilepsy -- or at least an aspect of epilepsy that should be perplexing to materialists. Seizures always involve either complete unconsciousness or specific activation of a non-abstract neurological function -- flashes of light, smells, jerking of muscles, specific memories, strong emotions -- but seizures never evoke discrete abstract thought. This is odd, given that the bulk of brain tissue from which seizures arise is classified as association areas that are thought to sub-serve abstract thought. Why don't epilepsy patients have "calculus seizures" or "moral ethics" seizures, in which they involuntarily take second derivatives or contemplate mercy? The answer is obvious -- the brain does not generate abstract thought. The brain is normally necessary for abstract thought, but not sufficient for it.

Furthermore, Penfield noted that patients were always aware that the sensation, memory, etc., evoked by brain stimulation was done to them, but not by them. Penfield found that patients retained a "third person" perspective on mental events evoked by brain stimulation. There was always a "mind" that was independent of cortical stimulation:

The patient's mind, which is considering the situation in such an aloof and critical manner, can only be something quite apart from neuronal reflex action. It is noteworthy that two streams of consciousness are flowing, the one driven by input from the environment, the other by an electrode delivering sixty pulses per second to the cortex. The fact that there should be no confusion in the conscious state suggests that, although the content of consciousness depends in large measure on neuronal activity, awareness itself does not.2

Penfield finished his career as a passionate dualist. His materialist naiveté did not survive his actual scientific work and his experiences as a clinical neurosurgeon. My own experience as a neurosurgeon has led me to the same conclusion.

Remarkably, scholastic philosophers who worked in the Aristotelian tradition presaged Penfield's observations centuries ago. In the classical Aristotelian-Thomist understanding, the mind is several powers of the soul, which is the subsistent form of the body. "Subsistent" means that the soul informs the body, so to speak, as any form is composed to matter, but that it can exist independently of matter. The reason it can exist independently of matter is that the intellectual powers of the soul -- the ability to contemplate universals and engage in abstract thought -- is necessarily an immaterial power. Universals -- concepts that are not particular things -- by their nature cannot be in particular things, and thus cannot be in matter, even in brain matter.

Thus, the mind, as Penfield understood, can be influenced by matter, but is, in its abstract functions, not generated by matter.

Aristotle, if informed of Penfield's experiments, would have yawned: "Of course the mind is not wholly material. Abstract thought -- contemplation of universals -- is immaterial by its nature, and cannot be generated by the brain." The philosopher would have shrugged, as he concerned himself with other propositions that weren't as obvious. It is remarkable that insights from philosophers in the Aristotelian-Thomist school from millennia ago presage modern discoveries in the neuroscience of the mind-brain relationship with such stunning accuracy.

H/t: Chris Carter, Science and the Near-Death Experience: How Consciousness Survives Death.

References:

(1) Penfield, The Mystery of the Mind, pp. 77-8.

(2) Ibid., p. 55.



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To: Heartlander

Aristotle believed dirty rags generated live mice. you believe in an invisible friend that lives in the sky who grant favors.

I don’t think logic is your strong suit.


61 posted on 04/25/2016 9:02:33 PM PDT by muir_redwoods (Freedom isn't free, liberty isn't liberal and you'll never find anything Right on the Left)
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To: muir_redwoods
you believe in an invisible friend that lives in the sky who grant favors.

This is ignorance – pure and simple. It reveals a total lack of knowledge on your part. As a reminder :

Welcome to Free Republic!
Pro-God, pro-family, pro-America!
Est. 1996

And with your ignorance, you have insulted a vast majority on this website – including its founder. I would suggest you take some time and reflect on your own superstition.

Now, you believe your brain ultimately came from mindlessness – here’s what others of superior intellect have to say about your belief :

The neural circuits in our brain manage the beautifully coordinated and smoothly appropriate behavior of our body. They also produce the entrancing introspective illusion that thoughts really are about stuff in the world. This powerful illusion has been with humanity since language kicked in, as we’ll see. It is the source of at least two other profound myths: that we have purposes that give our actions and lives meaning and that there is a person “in there” steering the body, so to speak.
[A.Rosenberg, The Atheist's Guide To Reality, Ch.9]

***<<<&>>>***

“Since we are creatures of natural selection, we cannot totally trust our senses. Evolution only passes on traits that help a species survive, and not concerned with preserving traits that tell a species what is actually true about life.”
Richard Dawkins – quoted from “The God Delusion”

***<<<&>>>***

“Our brains were shaped for fitness, not for truth. Sometimes the truth is adaptive, but sometimes it is not.”
- Steven Pinker

***<<<&>>>***

“It seems to me immensely unlikely that mind is a mere by-product of matter. For if my mental processes are determined wholly by the motions of atoms in my brain, I have no reason to suppose that my beliefs are true. They may be sound chemically, but that does not make them sound logically. And hence I have no reason for supposing my brain to be composed of atoms. In order to escape from this necessity of sawing away the branch on which I am sitting, so to speak, I am compelled to believe that mind is not wholly conditioned by matter”.
J. B. S. Haldane
***<<<&>>>***

“One absolutely central inconsistency ruins [the popular scientific philosophy]. The whole picture professes to depend on inferences from observed facts. Unless inference is valid, the whole picture disappears… unless Reason is an absolute, all is in ruins. Yet those who ask me to believe this world picture also ask me to believe that Reason is simply the unforeseen and unintended by-product of mindless matter at one stage of its endless and aimless becoming. Here is flat contradiction. They ask me at the same moment to accept a conclusion and to discredit the only testimony on which that conclusion can be based.”
—C.S. Lewis, Is Theology Poetry (aka the Argument from Reason)
***<<<&>>>***

[The denial of consciousness] “is surely the strangest thing that has ever happened in the whole history of human thought.” [It shows] “that the power of human credulity is unlimited, that the capacity of human minds to be gripped by theory, by faith, is truly unbounded.” [It reveals] “the deepest irrationality of the human mind.”
- Galen Strawson

62 posted on 04/26/2016 6:41:33 AM PDT by Heartlander (Prediction: Increasingly, logic will be seen as a covert form of theism. - Denyse O'Leary)
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To: Heartlander

You seem unable to debate with your own thoughts and need to cite authorities. Not me, but I will cite one authority; William of Occham.

Your logic is that complexity requires a designer but at the final application, some sort of miracle happens and extreme complexity does not require a designer. That’s a fairly convoluted use of “logic”.

My logic is straight forward. If the supposition is that complexity is evidence of a designer, them, inescapably, the designer requires a designer, ad infinitum; a reducation to absurdity.

Your “logic” requires a shave with Occham’s razor. You simply cannot escape the obvious fact that your thinking fails a basic test of logic. Plead your faith if you want but don’t try to support your bronze-age mythology with logic. You haven’t successfully done so yet and don’t show any signs of doing so.


63 posted on 04/27/2016 3:13:37 AM PDT by muir_redwoods (Freedom isn't free, liberty isn't liberal and you'll never find anything Right on the Left)
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To: muir_redwoods
You project your own insecurities at others and throw out insults - citing relevant authorities is common in any debate.

1. A known designer is not required by Intelligent Design - you don't need to know who designed the designer when you discover an arrow - you know it was designed. (Can be applied the the fine tuned universe, DNA, rare earth, consciousness, etc...)

2. We know the universe had a beginning (Big Bang) and if there was an infinite past we would never arrive at the present. As I have pointed out, logical reasoning that leads to the conclusion that the initial cause of motion must be something that is not, itself, in motion—an unmoved mover – the Prime Mover. If every cause is the result of a previous cause, or, if everything is caused by something else, then we have an "infinite regress" of causes which is logically incoherent (who designed the designer). Furthermore, natural processes cannot create natural processes (circulus in probando). So we are logically left with ‘creation’ from outside of nature. You have not addressed this...

3. From a theological Judeo-Christian standpoint, your question becomes "who made God" - that means you are reduced to thinking about created gods. I don't know any Christian who believes God was created. It just becomes an absurd question you might hear a child ask.

4. In order to explain the fine tuned universe, the multiverse has been postulated - an infinite amount of universes and we live in one of the lucky ones. But theoretically with infinite universes, ironically you could have a universe with god-like beings and even an universe with you as a televangelist. But ultimately it is all meaningless... This is where I would appropriately refer to the theologian friar William of Ockham

Now the question of 'who designed the designer' is most famously put forth by Dawkins in his book The God Delusion which Michael Ruse reviewed and stated, "would fail any introductory philosophy or religion course. Proudly he criticizes that whereof he knows nothing". Which brings me back to your belief that your brain ultimately came from mindlessness and where this leads. Here is a Dawkins interview from October 2006:

Dawkins:….What I do know is that what it feels like to me, and I think to all of us, we don’t feel determined. We feel like blaming people for what they do or giving people the credit for what they do. We feel like admiring people for what they do. None of us ever actually as a matter of fact says, “Oh well he couldn’t help doing it, he was determined by his molecules.” Maybe we should… I sometimes… Um… You probably remember many of you would have seen Fawlty Towers. The episode where Basil where his car won’t start and he gives it fair warning, counts up to three, and then gets out of the car and picks up a tree branch and thrashes it within an edge of his life. Maybe that’s what we all ought to… Maybe the way we laugh at Basil Fawlty, we ought to laugh in the same way at people who blame humans. I mean when we punish people for doing the most horrible murders, maybe the attitude we should take is “Oh they were just determined by their molecules.” It’s stupid to punish them. What we should do is say “This unit has a faulty motherboard which needs to be replaced.” I can’t bring myself to do that. I actually do respond in an emotional way and I blame people, I give people credit, or I might be more charitable and say this individual who has committed murders or child abuse of whatever it is was really abused in his own childhood. ….

Manzari: But do you personally see that as an inconsistency in your views?

Dawkins: I sort of do. Yes. But it is an inconsistency that we sort of have to live with otherwise life would be intolerable. But it has nothing to do with my views on religion it is an entirely separate issue.

This is the absurd logic you are left to live with...

64 posted on 04/27/2016 8:58:58 AM PDT by Heartlander (Prediction: Increasingly, logic will be seen as a covert form of theism. - Denyse O'Leary)
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To: muir_redwoods
Explain your response - I show how a Creator was necessary to our founders and you state - "I’ll accept a creative force but that doesn’t require consciousness, will or purpose."
65 posted on 04/27/2016 9:07:57 AM PDT by Heartlander (Prediction: Increasingly, logic will be seen as a covert form of theism. - Denyse O'Leary)
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To: Heartlander

did you just say that a man who can make an arrow doesn’t need a designer? Yes you did. I’m glad you finally see my position. I’m not a Christian so the intellectual limitations and blinders that have hobbled them for centuries do not trouble me.


66 posted on 04/28/2016 2:46:16 PM PDT by muir_redwoods (Freedom isn't free, liberty isn't liberal and you'll never find anything Right on the Left)
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To: Heartlander

Okay, you assert that a creator needs consciousness and willful intent to create our universe. Consciousness may be as primitive a feature as respiration to a creative force that can create a universe. The creative force may be totally unlike us in every respect including our notions of will, consciousness or purpose. if that’s unclear, sadly I cannot make it any clearer.


67 posted on 04/28/2016 2:50:19 PM PDT by muir_redwoods (Freedom isn't free, liberty isn't liberal and you'll never find anything Right on the Left)
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To: muir_redwoods

Hate to tell you but atheists are not smart, not even in the running.

http://www.examiner.com/article/of-10-highest-iq-s-on-earth-at-least-8-are-theists-at-least-6-are-christians?CID=examiner_alerts_article

The fact is your kind did not exist as such prior to 1950s when British professor Antony Flew wrote over thirty philosophical works which established the foundations for atheism for half a century.

His 1950 paper “Theology and Falsification” was the most reprinted philosophical publication of the 20th century. This is the man without whose ideas the various Richard Dawkins, Sam Harris, Dennett, Wolpert, Stenger, (not to mention Christopher Hitchens and Pat Condell) et al, none of whom is a philosopher, would not have had rational arguments to support their faith: atheism.

Fact is pretty much every scientific discipline we have was founded by believers. So you have nothing to be smug about.


68 posted on 04/28/2016 3:02:54 PM PDT by Mechanicos (Trump is for America First. Cruz is for America Last. It's that simple.)
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To: muir_redwoods
Please try to follow - I said a known designer is not required by Intelligent Design - you don't need to know who designed the designer when you discover an arrow - you know it was designed. (Can be applied the the fine tuned universe, DNA, rare earth, consciousness, etc...) The point is obviously that you can infer design without knowing anything about the designer (or who designed the designer).

You are obviously not a Christian because you believe your brain comes from mindlessness - and your brain is just another organ supplied by evolution for survival - like your liver or anus.

To paraphrase CS Lewis, if your mind is a product of the irrational (mindlessness) then why trust your mind when it tells you about anything? - free will, morality, and consciousness become your myths.

69 posted on 04/28/2016 3:22:02 PM PDT by Heartlander (Prediction: Increasingly, logic will be seen as a covert form of theism. - Denyse O'Leary)
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To: muir_redwoods
Now I asked you to explain your response - I show how a Creator was necessary to our founders and you state - "I’ll accept a creative force but that doesn’t require consciousness, will or purpose."

And your explanation is:
Consciousness may be as primitive a feature as respiration to a creative force that can create a universe. The creative force may be totally unlike us in every respect including our notions of will, consciousness or purpose. if that’s unclear, sadly I cannot make it any clearer.

Conscious

: awake and able to understand what is happening around you

: having knowledge of something; aware.

You will need to try to be clearer because what you said is absolute gibberish

70 posted on 04/28/2016 3:50:55 PM PDT by Heartlander (Prediction: Increasingly, logic will be seen as a covert form of theism. - Denyse O'Leary)
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To: muir_redwoods

Actually - I suggest you walk away and save yourself from anymore embarrassment.


71 posted on 04/28/2016 3:56:00 PM PDT by Heartlander (Prediction: Increasingly, logic will be seen as a covert form of theism. - Denyse O'Leary)
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To: Heartlander

I suffer no embarrassment, just a bit of boredom with an illogical dilitabts who thinks quoting others will support his lack of actual reasoning. Aristotle, Aquinas and you have all failed you prove, logically, the existence of a Supreme being. Like those others you begin with logic but then make a special pleading to give yourself the right to abandon logic.

Cling to your bronze age mythology but don’t do so with a pretend logical base. Call it faith and be done with it. ERV’S irrefutably prove that chimps and humans had a common ancestor thus demonstrating undeniably that we are the product of evolution. If you would try to deny that, you must again abandon logic.


72 posted on 05/03/2016 4:17:51 PM PDT by muir_redwoods (Freedom isn't free, liberty isn't liberal and you'll never find anything Right on the Left)
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To: Heartlander

I have explained it to you but I can’t understand it for you. Try harder.


73 posted on 05/03/2016 4:19:14 PM PDT by muir_redwoods (Freedom isn't free, liberty isn't liberal and you'll never find anything Right on the Left)
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To: Mechanicos

You assert there were no atheists before the 1950s and still make a claim of being able to think. I guess that sort of nonsensical assertion passes for thinking in your little wotld.


74 posted on 05/03/2016 4:21:57 PM PDT by muir_redwoods (Freedom isn't free, liberty isn't liberal and you'll never find anything Right on the Left)
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To: muir_redwoods

You explained nothing - again, try not to project your insecurities on others...


75 posted on 05/03/2016 5:25:30 PM PDT by Heartlander (Prediction: Increasingly, logic will be seen as a covert form of theism. - Denyse O'Leary)
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To: muir_redwoods
You believe your brain comes from mindlessness. Live with your belief and I'll live with mine.
“Consider the following propositions, selected from the naturalistic creed or deduced from it: (i.) My beliefs, insofar as they are the result of reasoning at all, are founded on premises produced in the last resort by the collision of atoms. (ii.) Atoms, having no prejudices in favour of truth, are as likely to turn out wrong premises as right ones; nay, more likely, inasmuch as truth is single and error manifold. (iii.) My premises, therefore, in the first place, and my conclusions in the second, are certainly untrustworthy, and probably false. Their falsity, moreover, is of a kind which cannot be remedied; since any attempt to correct it must start from premises not suffering under the same defect. But no such premises exist. (iv.) Therefore, again, my opinion about the original causes which produced my premises, as it is an inference from them, partakes of their weakness; so that I cannot either securely doubt my own certainties or be certain about my own doubts. This is scepticism indeed; scepticism which is forced by its own inner nature to be sceptical even about itself;,,,
-Arthur Balfour, The Foundations of Belief

76 posted on 05/03/2016 5:33:43 PM PDT by Heartlander (Prediction: Increasingly, logic will be seen as a covert form of theism. - Denyse O'Leary)
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To: muir_redwoods

There have always been deniers, even in Jesus’s time. They were considered mental ill tho. Had no coherency no foundation, Just denying.


77 posted on 05/03/2016 8:46:34 PM PDT by Mechanicos (Trump is for America First. Cruz is for America Last. It's that simple.)
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To: Heartlander

I’m not insecure; I’m not the one who depends on invisible friends.


78 posted on 05/04/2016 1:28:57 AM PDT by muir_redwoods (Freedom isn't free, liberty isn't liberal and you'll never find anything Right on the Left)
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To: Heartlander

read up on the quantum nature of reality and relativity and then explain to me how existence must conform to your stone age mythology. The universe is not only stranger than you imagine but it’s really stranger than you can imagine.


79 posted on 05/04/2016 1:32:03 AM PDT by muir_redwoods (Freedom isn't free, liberty isn't liberal and you'll never find anything Right on the Left)
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To: Heartlander

Again, idiocy culled from other idiots isn’t research and it’s not supporting logic where there is none.


80 posted on 05/04/2016 1:33:16 AM PDT by muir_redwoods (Freedom isn't free, liberty isn't liberal and you'll never find anything Right on the Left)
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