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Cuban nationals land at Florida nuclear plant: NRC Fri Nov 27, 2009 8:38am EST NEW YORK (Reuters) - A group of Cuban nationals who fled their country by boat landed in the cooling canal of a nuclear power plant along Florida's coast on Thanksgiving Day, according to a U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission event report issued Friday. The plant's operations were not disrupted by the incident, according to the report. The Turkey Point nuclear power plant control room received a call from an individual stating that he was a member of a group of 33 Cuban nationals that had landed in...

Nuclear Regulatory Commission staff will meet with Westinghouse Electric Co. next week to discuss the safety of its proposed AP1000 nuclear-reactor design. Toshiba Corp.'s Westinghouse unit will address the commission's concern about the structural integrity of the silo-shaped shield building that would contain the reactor and trap radioactivity in an accident, NRC Chairman Gregory Jaczko said. Containment buildings at existing reactors were poured at the site as a solid piece of steel-reinforced concrete, Jaczko said. Westinghouse wants to piece the building together from sections, he said. "When you're dealing with the kinds of accident scenarios that we look at, or...

LACEY TOWNSHIP, N.J. – The nation's oldest nuclear power plant has been granted a new license allowing it to operate for another 20 years. The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission dismissed objections from anti-nuclear and environmental groups and issued the license Wednesday to the Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station in Lacey Township, N.J., about 50 miles east of Philadelphia and 75 miles south of New York City. ... Oyster Creek's boiling-water reactor is considered obsolete by today's standards.

President Obama won't allow radioactive waste to be buried at Yucca Mountain in Nevada, rejecting the long-controversial project after 20 years of planning at a cost of at least $9 billion. Obama and Energy Secretary Steven Chu "have been emphatic that nuclear waste storage at Yucca Mountain is not an option, period," said department spokeswoman Stephanie Mueller. The budget plan Obama released yesterday "clearly reflects that commitment," she said. "The new administration is starting the process of finding a better solution for management of our nuclear waste," she said in an e-mail. The decision leaves unresolved a long-term plan for...

The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission sent a letter on Wednesday to PPL Corp. warning of a “chilling effect” on reporting safety concerns at the Susquehanna Steam Electric Station. Surveys, interviews and allegations from PPL employees at the nuclear plant in Salem Township have shown an increasingly negative perception in recent years in the company’s attitude toward employees raising safety concerns, according to the letter. It also noted that, in 2008, NRC regulators observed “that not all first-line supervisors and mid-level managers were fully supportive of efforts to improve the work environment.” PPL has revised its plans several times to improve...

Cumulative effects of phthalates and related compounds will be larger than effects measured one chemical at a time, reports a National Research Council panel On December 18, a National Research Council panel told the Environmental Protection Agency that sufficient data exist to begin assessing the potential health risks posed by phthalates, among the most ubiquitous pollutants on the planet. At the same time, the NRC panel strongly recommended that the agency adopt a “paradigm shift” in the way it assesses the chemicals’ toxicity to humans. Instead of evaluating each phthalate compound individually, EPA should begin assessing risks from likely combos...

MIAMI (AP) — The federal government wants to fine Florida's largest electric company $130,000 because security guards slept on duty at a nuclear plant. The Nuclear Regulatory Commission says Florida Power & Light Co. violated security requirements at the Turkey Point plant from 2004 to 2006. It says guards served as lookouts while others slept on the job. The commission says in a letter to the utility that its "inattentive behavior" is of particular concern and can't be tolerated. The utility's nuclear spokesman says the company has made security changes to ensure this doesn't happen again. The guards were employed...

MONTPELIER, Vt. - The nuclear energy watchdog group New England Coalition has been waiting a long time, a very long time, for the federal Nuclear Regulatory Commission to pay attention to its concerns. The agency has just replied to a petition concerning safety and radiation exposure that the coalition filed in 1975. "No petition before its time," said NRC spokesman Eliot Brenner. As if being ignored for three decades weren't enough, the NRC denied the group's petition. The coalition had been urging federal regulators to consider, as part of their environmental review of the Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant, the...

The GAO set out to procure enough radioactive material to build a dirty bomb. Suppliers were only too happy to help. How the agency did it. Gregory Kutz and his colleagues wanted to order enough radioactive material to make a dirty bomb. So they set up bogus companies and applied for separate licenses from the Nuclear Regulatory Commission and the state of Maryland. They didn’t succeed with Maryland, but they got a license from the NRC in less than a month. Then Kutz and his associates doctored the license to increase the amount of radioactive material they could buy, and...

WASHINGTON (Reuters) - Undercover investigators, working for a fake firm, obtained a license to buy enough radioactive material to build a "dirty bomb," amid little scrutiny from federal regulators, according to a government report obtained on Wednesday. The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission issued the license to the dummy company in just 28 days with only a cursory review, the Government Accountability Office said in a report to be released on Thursday. The GAO, which set up the sting, said the NRC approved the license after a couple of faxes and phones calls and then mailed it to the phoney company's...

What's going on at Los Alamos? The nation's premier nuclear-weapons laboratory appears plagued with continuing security problems. Barely 10 days after revelations of a leak of highly classified material over the Internet, NEWSWEEK has learned of two other security breaches. In late May, a Los Alamos staffer took his lab laptop with him on vacation to Ireland. A senior nuclear official familiar with the inner workings of Los Alamos—who would not be named talking about internal matters—says the laptop's hard drive contained "government documents of a sensitive nature." The laptop was also fitted with an encryption card advanced enough that...

WASHINGTON (Reuters) - U.S. nuclear reactor builders will likely have to weigh the potential for a commercial aircraft strike when they design new plants, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission said on Tuesday. The NRC's proposed rules are meant to protect new reactors against a deliberate hit by a jet like those that rammed into the World Trade Center and Pentagon on September 11, 2001, the commission said. "This is the most recent step in a broad, proactive effort to improve the security of reactors initiated by the NRC after September 11," NRC Chairman Dale Klein said. "We need more technical analysis...

WASHINGTON - The longest serving member of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission is stepping down, and, on his way out, saying something about Yucca Mountain that few in government dare to suggest out loud: "It may be time to stop digging." The reason Commissioner Edward McGaffigan Jr. gives for his conclusion, however, is not that the mountain is a bad site or the science of storing radioactive fuel is unsound, two of the major arguments critics have mounted. Rather, Yucca Mountain is unlikely to ever open as a storage site for nuclear waste largely because the politics were flawed at the...

WASHINGTON — Future nuclear power plants should include design improvements to better protect against a terrorist attack by large aircraft, the chairman of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission said Tuesday. The chairman, Dale Klein, said the commission soon will give guidance to reactor manufacturers on "what we believe the reactors should be designed to withstand," including the possibility of a terrorist crashing a plane into the reactor. -snip-The NRC is gearing up for a rush of applications for new power reactors, the first such applications since the 1970s before the Three Mile Island nuclear accident. Klein said four or five firm...

There is a debate under way in the United States about the benefits of nuclear power, as the country looks for alternatives to its dependence on foreign oil. Advocates say nuclear power will provide a clean and safe form of energy, but opponents say concerns about safety and what to do with nuclear waste far outweigh any benefits. There are currently 104 nuclear power plants operating across the United States. President Bush is calling for expanding the nation's reliance on nuclear power as part of his energy plan. Supporters of nuclear energy say it will make the United States less...

The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit has ruled that the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) obligates the Nuclear Regulatory Commission to consider the environmental impact of potential terrorist attacks when conducting environmental reviews. The June 2 decision could affect the NRC’s decision-making processes for other nuclear facilities, and it could have far-reaching effects on decisions affecting other facilities in the nation’s infrastructure, observers say. In December 2001, Pacific Gas and Electric (PG&E) applied to the NRC for a license to build and operate an on-site dry storage facility for used nuclear fuel at its Diablo Canyon nuclear...

NRC OKs Westinghouse nuclear plant design Westinghouse Electric Co.'s nuclear plant design using pressurized water was approved Friday by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, a move the company said could lead to the first construction of a nuclear power plant in the United States since before the Three Mile Island accident in 1979. Pittsburgh-based Westinghouse's Advanced Passive 1000 nuclear plant design uses pressurized water to fire the plant. France's Areva also has a pressurized-water design, while General Electric Co. uses a boiling water model. In a statement, Westinghouse senior vice president Daniel Lipman said the action was a positive step. "Westinghouse...

Internal Memos from NASA Administrator Michael Griffin regarding the NRC report "Review of NASA Plans for the International Space Station" Editor's note: The email exchanges below occurred between Mike Griffin and his senior staff between 22/23 November 2005 in reaction to the release of the NRC Report: Review of NASA Plans for the International Space Station. "From: "Griffin, Michael D. (HQ-AA000)" Date: Wed, 23 Nov 2005 13:43:50 -0500 To: "Pengra, Trish (HQ-FB000)" Cc: "Horowitz, Scott J. (HQ-BA000)", "Cooke, Douglas (HQ-BA000)", "Dale, Shana (HQ-AA000)", "Geveden, Rex (HQ-AA000)", "Morrell, Paul (HQ-AA000)", "Shank, Christopher M. (HQ-AA000)", "Pace, Scott (HQ-FA000)", "Gerstenmaier, William H. (HQ-CA000)",...

LOS ALAMOS, N.M. (AP) - Many people in this isolated mesa-top community are anxious or fearful about who will win a contract to manage Los Alamos National Laboratory. The main contenders for the contract are two limited liability corporations, one headed by Lockheed Martin and the University of Texas and the other led by Bechtel Corp. and the University of California, which has been the sole manager of the lab since Manhattan Project scientists gathered in World War II to develop the world's first atomic bomb. The first contract competition in the lab's 62-year history is expected to usher in...

ABC's Primetime Live report Thursday night alleging dangerous breaches of security at the nation's nuclear research reactors continued to draw strong criticism from government officials and university administrators Monday. Roy Zimmerman, in charge of nuclear security for the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, who appeared on the broadcast and expressed concern over lax security at some of the facilities, said in a statement that the show overstated the threat such incidents posed. At the University of Maryland, where ABC showed open doors leading to the reactor, officials noted that the program failed to take into account the numerous surveillance cameras constantly monitored...

The head of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission has pledged to boost oversight of the Indian Point nuclear plants after the apparent leak of a radioactive isotope, aides to Sen. Hillary Rodham Clinton said Tuesday. Clinton, D-N.Y., met with NRC chairman Nils Diaz, who told her he would announce in coming days ``enhanced oversight ... with respect to both the leaks and the emergency notification system,'' said the senator's spokesman, Philippe Reines. Diaz didn't spell out exactly what the enhancements would be, but they could include additional reporting requirements and closer monitoring of the site. The NRC and Entergy Nuclear Northeast,...

WASHINGTON, DC, September 23, 2005 (ENS) - The country’s largest consortium of nuclear power companies said Thursday it has selected two sites, in Alabama and in Mississippi, to build two nuclear reactors. If their applications for construction and operating licenses are approved by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, these will be the first new nuclear power plants built in the United States since the 1970s. NuStart Energy Development LLC, a consortium of 11 companies that operate nuclear generating plants around the country, selected the two sites from a candidate list of six. PICTURE Bellefonte The Bellefonte facility is located about six...

RALEIGH, N.C. -- Progress Energy notified the Nuclear Regulatory Commission on Monday that it plans to apply for a license to build a nuclear plant at an undetermined site, the company said Monday. The company won't apply for the license for at least two years, Progress spokesman Rick Kimble said Monday. Construction could begin within five years and the reactor could operate by 2015, officials of the Raleigh-based company said. Progress Energy officials said they have notified the Nuclear Regulatory Commission that they will select the site for a reactor this year. "This is all part of our strategy that...

The US government may have set its security standards for nuclear power plants too low, and guards say they may not be ready to stop a terrorist attack of September 11 magnitude. A nuclear regulatory commission (NRC) document "raises serious questions about whether the government has set security requirements for nuclear plants too low and allowed nuclear plant operators to provide security on the cheap," Time reported. Even plant guards worry they would be unable to thwart a big terrorist operation, saying they lack the necessary training and weapons, the magazine said. The plants could also be vulnerable to an...

HARRISBURG, Pa. - AmerGen Energy Co. plans to seek a 20-year license extension for its reactor at Three Mile Island, the site of the nation's worst nuclear accident, officials said Friday. The company will begin working on its application for the Unit 1 reactor to the Nuclear Regulatory Commission in the summer and submit it to the agency in mid-2007 for a review process that is expected to take another two years, said Rusty West, the site's vice president. The Unit 1 reactor, which opened in 1974, has been the only functioning reactor at Three Mile Island since a partial...

Nuclear agency chided over allowing contractors to hire illegal aliens From National Journal's Technology Daily Rep. Edward Markey, D-Mass., Thursday slammed the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) for allowing illegal aliens who obtained documentation by using fake Social Security numbers to work as contract painters at nuclear facilities. "Commission regulations are supposed to ensure that the individuals who are able to access nuclear facilities are subject to appropriate background and security checks, but they clearly did not work in this case," Markey, a member of the House Homeland Security Committee, said in a statement. In a letter to the commission, he...

LAS VEGAS (AP) - Congress is scheduling hearings about the Yucca Mountain project after recent disclosures that quality-assurance documents for the proposed nuclear waste repository might have been falsified. Leaders of the Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee announced Monday they will hold an April 7 hearing about the Nevada nuclear waste site. A House subcommittee led by Rep. Jon Porter, R-Nev., is preparing for an April 5 hearing. The Senate committee chairman is Pete Domenici, R-N.M., an influential voice on nuclear issues who has been promoting talk of alternatives while the Yucca Mountain project is delayed. The Energy Department...

WASHINGTON -- The Nuclear Regulatory Commission and other agencies are investigating how at least one illegal immigrant used a false Social Security number to work inside the Crystal River nuclear power plant.The Immigration and Customs Enforcement division of the Department of Homeland Security detained three Mexican citizens at the site Thursday and charged them with entering the country illegally. At least one worked inside the nuclear complex under supervision, a spokesman for the power plant said. All three men used false Social Security numbers to obtain work through a contractor for Progress Energy, which owns the site north of Tampa...

MINERAL--From Northern Virginia, Charlottesville, Richmond, even as far away as North Carolina they came, converging on Louisa County Middle School, bearing signs, speeches, buttons and pins. And though their agendas and political views couldn't have been further apart, they agreed on one thing: a desire to weigh in on an issue of crucial importance--namely, whether Dominion should be allowed to build new nuclear reactors at its North Anna Power Station. The occasion was the Nuclear Regulatory Commission's public hearing last night on a draft environmental impact statement. The session began at 7 p.m., but protesters and proponents started gathering an...

HOUSTON (Reuters) - A shipment of radioactive material ordered by Halliburton Co. that went missing in New Jersey was found in Boston on Wednesday, the company said in a filing to federal regulators this week. The shipment of americium came from Russia via Amsterdam and arrived at New York's John F. Kennedy airport, but disappeared sometime after it cleared U.S. Customs on October 9, according to a Halliburton filing made to the Nuclear Regulatory Commission on Wednesday. "It appears that (the shipments) were trucked to Boston after a Boston label was inadvertently placed on the package" at a Newark, New...

Despite concerns over safety, including uncertainty over how long the reactors will be able to keep running, some licenses have been renewed through 2040 FORKED RIVER, N.J. -- Obscured by scrub trees and unkempt shrubs not far from the Atlantic Ocean, the Oyster Creek nuclear plant, which has generated electricity since Richard Nixon became president in 1969, is looking at a prolonged life, as regulators allow utilities to run reactors decades longer than first anticipated. Driven by demand for cheap power, utilities are seeking to keep existing reactors operating until as late as 2040 and beyond. Regulators have approved license...

WISCASSET, Maine (AP) - The most visible symbol of Maine's nuclear power past - the massive domed containment building at the defunct Maine Yankee plant - will be eliminated from the landscape with a big boom this week. Explosives will bring down the reinforced concrete structure Friday, the first time explosives have been used to knock down a commercial reactor containment building, said Justin Manafort, of Manafort Bros, which is overseeing the decommissioning. "Other reactors have been taken down but none of this size or magnitude. The majority are done conventionally with cranes and torch cutting. We chose to use...

CHICAGO -- In anticipation of her stint as delegate to the Republican National Convention next week, former Miss America Erika Harold will appear on Fox Cable News Hannity and Colmes tonight. The show airs at 8:00 PM CST. Harold will speak as one of the evening headliners at the NRC on August 31, sharing the spotlight with First Lady Laura Bush, California's Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger and Secretary of Education Rod Paige. Harold, who lives in the Champaign-Urbana area, may be a former Miss America, but the 2003 title-holder is busier than ever. Harold will be a law student at Harvard...

WASHINGTON Citing a need to keep information from terrorists, regulators say the government will no longer reveal security gaps discovered at nuclear power plants. Officials say subsequent enforcement actions taken against plant operators will also remain secret. The Nuclear Regulatory Commission announced the change in policy during its first public meeting on power plant safety since Nine-Eleven. It drew barbs from critics who said the secrecy would erode public confidence in the agency. Until now, the N-R-C has provided regular public updates on vulnerabilities its inspectors found at the country's 103 nuclear power reactors, such as broken fences or weaknesses...

The government will no longer reveal security gaps discovered at nuclear power plants, hoping to prevent terrorists from using the information, regulators said Wednesday. The Nuclear Regulatory Commission announced the change in policy during its first public meeting on power plant safety since the Sept. 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. Until now, the NRC has provided regular public updates on vulnerabilities its inspectors found at the country's 103 nuclear power reactors, such as broken fences or weaknesses in training programs. "We need to blacken some of our processes so that our adversaries won't have that information," said Roy Zimmerman, director of...

NBC 24 has learned that the Davis-Besse nuclear power station nuclear reactor shut down at 10:24 a.m. today and remains idle at this hour. A Nuclear Regulatory Commission spokesperson tells NBC 24 that inspectors are unsure as to what caused the reactor to shut down. The NRC also says that all safety systems at D-B performed properly. NBC 24 will have more information throughout the day. You can get a complete update on the shutdown on NBC 24 News At Five.

WHITE PLAINS, N.Y. -- For the first time, a fake terrorist attack was included in a drill of emergency plans at a nuclear power plant near New York City, with crews grappling with a pretend crash of a 767. Tuesday's fake crash set off an ever-worsening cascade of simulated events for Indian Point plant operators and emergency responders. By the time the drill ended, a containment building was portrayed as filling with radioactive steam and portions of surrounding counties had been "evacuated" and residents advised to swallow anti-radiation pills. The actual residents, however, had no part in the drill. Plant...

WASHINGTON, D.C. – What are the limits of organic life in planetary systems? It’s a heady question that, if answered, may reveal just how crowded the cosmos could be with alien biology. A study arm of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Research Council (NRC), has pulled together a task group of specialists to tackle the issue of alternative life forms -- a.k.a. "weird life". To get things rolling, a workshop on the prospects for finding life on other worlds is being held here May 10-11. The meeting is a joint activity of the NRC’s Space Studies Board's Task...

The journalist has the ultimate power, a cynic once said, the power to choose whom to be co-opted by. That temptation is never greater than when you are writing about environmental policy. You can go to the environmental groups and get one set of facts. Or you can go to the industry groups and get an entirely different set of facts. Both sides have long histories of exaggeration and distortion, and there's no other realm of public policy in which it is so hard to find honest brokers, capable of offering a balanced perspective. Nonetheless, over the past couple of...

President Bush doesn't talk about new-source review very often. In fact, he has mentioned it in a speech to the public only once, in remarks he delivered on Sept. 15, 2003, to a cheering crowd of power-plant workers and executives in Monroe, Mich., about 35 miles south of Detroit. It was an ideal audience for his chosen subject. New-source review, or N.S.R., involves an obscure and complex set of environmental rules and regulations that most Americans have never heard of, but to people who work in the power industry, few subjects are more crucial. Advertisement The Monroe plant, which is...

<p>Twenty-five years ago this week, something went horribly wrong at Three Mile Island. Those very words are now synonymous with nuclear meltdown, but back then they merely referred to an obscure nuclear plant in central Pennsylvania. Human error and mechanical failure conspired to send the temperature in the reactor core soaring, threatening a blast of deadly radiation. All of America watched in apprehension. Politicians and regulators bickered, and the media whipped up a frenzy.</p>

February 27, 2004 DOE under gun on Yucca questionsBy Suzanne Struglinski <suzanne@lasvegassun.com>LAS VEGAS SUNROCKVILLE, Md. -- The Nuclear Regulatory Commission may not have enough time to review all of the answers the Energy Department plans to submit to the remaining technical question on the proposed Yucca Mountain Project before the license application is submitted at the end of the year. The department plans to answer all 293 unresolved scientific questions on its proposed Yucca Mountain project by August and submit the site's license application to the commission by December. So far the commission has deemed 90 of the original 293...

February 13, 2004 Transfer of fuel rods 'not necessary' Officials say on-site storage of waste safer than thought SUN STAFF AND WIRE REPORTSWASHINGTON -- The risks of storing more used radioactive fuel rods from nuclear power plants in onsite pools are less than previously thought despite the new specter of terrorism, Nuclear Regulatory Commission officials said Thursday. This new study could diminish the Energy Department's argument that leaving waste onsite at nuclear power plants poses a strong enough threat that it needs to be moved to the proposed Yucca Mountain nuclear waste storage site, critics of the proposal say. Farouk...

For education and discussion only. Not for commercial use. WASHINGTON, Jan. 25 — Safety experts are questioning an effort by the nation's nuclear industry that has expanded its output by the equivalent of three large reactors without adding a single new plant. In the last two decades, nuclear plants have won permits to uprate, meaning add capacity to reactors, with almost no opposition. With these upgrades, plus expanded working hours and 20-year extensions on operating licenses, the nuclear industry has expanded its electrical output to a point that safety experts say could be dangerous. For their part, plant owners say...

A new report commissioned by the government suggests that it will be difficult to completely prevent genetically engineered plants and animals from having unintended environmental and public health effects. The report, released yesterday by the National Research Council of the National Academy of Sciences, says that while there are many techniques being developed to prevent genetically engineered organisms or their genes from escaping into the wild, most techniques are still in early development and none appear to be completely effective. "One of our big messages throughout the whole report is that there are very few bioconfinement methods that are well...

The Nuclear Regulatory Commission says former Gov. Howard Dean and other Vermont officials violated federal law by releasing secret protection plans for its nuclear power plant in the wake of the Sept. 11, 2001, attacks. The NRC's charge had Vermont officials scrambling to impoundtop-secret nuclear documents the Democratic presidential front-runner wrongly made public. Some of the documents regarding the Vermont Yankee nuke plant include so-called ``safeguards information,'' which is to be released under ``need to know requirements and . . . not publicly releasable,'' said NRC spokesman Scott Burnell. The documents are included in files Dean made public - even...

Diane Rehm: ``Why do you think he (Bush) is suppressing that (Sept. 11) report?'' Howard Dean: ``I don't know. There are many theories about it. The most interesting theory that I've heard so far -- which is nothing more than a theory, it can't be proved -- is that he was warned ahead of time by the Saudis. Now who knows what the real situation is?'' -- The Diane Rehm Show, NPR, Dec. 1 It has been 25 years since I discovered a psychiatric syndrome (''Secondary Mania,'' Archives of General Psychiatry, November 1978), and in the interim I haven't been...

WASHINGTON (AP) - The government has asked the Nuclear Regulatory Commission for an export license to ship 300 pounds of weapons-grade plutonium to France for processing into reactor fuel, prompting criticism from nuclear nonproliferation groups. The plutonium shipments are part of a long-range plan to dispose of 34 tons of excess plutonium in the government's nuclear weapons program by turning it into a mixed oxide fuel for use in commercial U.S. reactors. The plan calls for building a plant in South Carolina to process the plutonium. In the meantime, the 300 pounds of plutonium powder - enough, critics say, for...

<p>ANTI-NUCLEAR activist group Riverkeeper has been in the news recently with fresh accusations regarding the Indian Point Energy Center. The only consistency from their side of the debate has been a major distortion of facts and attempts at unjustified scare tactics. Perhaps most glaring is Riverkeeper's recent claim that closing the two plants at Indian Point would be in support of New York's economy and the safety of its residents. As New Yorkers were reminded on Aug. 14, a blackout is devastating to the local economy and presents a wide range of potentially harmful situations.</p>