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Do volcanoes or an asteroid deserve blame for dinosaur extinction?
Phys.org ^ | February 21, 2019 | University of California - Berkeley

Posted on 02/22/2019 11:10:06 AM PST by ETL

UC Berkeley scientists have obtained more precise dates for the Deccan Traps volcanic lava flows, linking peak activity more closely to the asteroid or comet impact 66 million years ago and the coincident mass extinction. But if greenhouse gases emitted before the impact created a hothouse climate that set life up for a fall when the impact cooled the planet, those gases did not coincide with the largest lava flows from the Deccan Traps.

Based on new data published today in the journal Science, it seems increasingly likely that an asteroid or 66 million years ago reignited in India, half a world away from the site in the Caribbean Sea.

But it leaves unclear to what degree the two catastrophes contributed to the near-simultaneous mass extinction that killed off the dinosaurs and many other forms of life.

The research sheds light on huge lava flows that have erupted periodically over Earth's history, and how they have affected the atmosphere and altered the course of life on the planet.

In the study, University of California, Berkeley, scientists report the most precise and accurate dates yet for the intense volcanic eruptions in India that coincided with the worldwide extinction at the end of the Cretaceous Period, the so-called K-Pg boundary. The million-year sequence of eruptions spewed lava flows for distances of at least 500 kilometers across the Indian continent, creating the so-called Deccan Traps flood basalts that in some places are nearly 2 kilometers thick.

"Now that we have dated Deccan Traps lava flows in more and different locations, we see that the transition seems to be the same everywhere. I would say, with pretty high confidence, that the eruptions occurred within 50,000 years, and maybe 30,000 years, of the impact, which means they were synchronous within the margin of error," said Paul Renne, a professor-in-residence of earth and planetary science at UC Berkeley, director of the Berkeley Geochronology Center and senior author of the study, which will appear online Feb. 21. "That is an important validation of the hypothesis that the impact renewed lava flows."

The new dates also confirm earlier estimates that the lava flows continued for about a million years, but contain a surprise: three-quarters of the lava erupted after the impact. Previous studies suggested that about 80 percent of the lava erupted before the impact.

If most of the Deccan Traps lava had erupted before the impact, then gases emitted during the eruptions could have been the cause of global warming within the last 400,000 years of the Cretaceous Period, during which temperatures increased, on average, about 8 degrees Celsius (14.4 degrees Fahrenheit). During this period of warming, species would have evolved suited to hothouse conditions, only to be confronted by global cooling from the dust or by climate cooling gases caused by either the impact or the volcanos.

The cold would have been a shock from which most creatures would never have recovered, disappearing entirely from the fossil record: literally, a mass extinction.

But if most of the Deccan Traps lava emerged after the impact, this scenario needs rethinking.

"This changes our perspective on the role of the Deccan Traps in the K-Pg extinction," said first author Courtney Sprain, a former UC Berkeley doctoral student who is now a postdoc at the University of Liverpool in the United Kingdom. "Either the Deccan eruptions did not play a role—which we think unlikely—or a lot of climate-modifying gases were erupted during the lowest volume pulse of the eruptions."

The hypothesis that climate-altering volcanic gases leak out of underground magma chambers frequently, and not just during eruptions, is supported by evidence from present-day volcanos, such as those of the gas-spewing Mt. Etna in Italy and Popocatepetl in Mexico, the researchers said. Magma stewing below the surface is known to transmit gases to the atmosphere, even without eruptions.

"We are suggesting that it is very likely that a lot of the gases that come from magma systems precede eruptions; they don't necessarily correlate with eruptions," Renne said. In the case of the K-Pg extinction, the symptoms of significant climate change occurred before the peak in volcanic eruptions.

Flood basalts

Renne, Sprain and their colleagues are using a precise dating method, argon-argon dating, to determine when the impact occurred and when the Deccan Traps erupted to clarify the sequence of catastrophes at the end of the Cretaceous Period and beginning of the Tertiary Period—the K-Pg boundary, formerly referred to as the K-T boundary.

In 2013, using rocks from Montana, they obtained the most precise date yet for the impact, and in 2018, they updated that to 66,052,000 years ago, give or take 8,000 years. Then, in 2015, they determined from a handful of samples in India that, in at least one spot, the peak of the Deccan Traps eruptions occurred within about 50,000 years of that date, which means, in geologic time, that the incidents were basically simultaneous.

Now, with three times more rock samples from areas covering more of the Deccan Traps, the researchers have established that the time of peak eruptions was the same across much of the Indian continent. This supports the group's hypothesis that the asteroid impact triggered super-earthquakes that caused a strong burst of volcanism in India, which is almost directly opposite the impact site, the Chicxulub crater in the Caribbean Sea.

Sprain and Renne argue that the coincident catastrophes likely delivered a one-two punch to life on Earth, but the details are unclear. Volcanic eruptions produce lots of gases, but some, like carbon dioxide and methane, warm the planet, while others, like sulfur aerosols, are cooling. The impact itself would have sent dust into the atmosphere that blocked sunlight and cooled the Earth, though no one knows for how long.

"Both the impact and Deccan volcanism can produce similar environmental effects, but these are occurring on vastly differing timescales," Sprain said. "Therefore, to understand how each agent contributed to the extinction event, assessing timing is key."

Which gases in the Deccan Traps are emitted when is a question that's hard to answer, because there are no flood basalt eruptions going on today, despite numerous ones in Earth's history. The most recent, near the Columbia River in the Pacific Northwest, dwindled 15 million years ago after 400,000 years of eruptions.

The paucity of information about flood basalts is one reason Renne and Sprain are interested in the Deccan Traps, which are still young enough to contain information about the sequence, effects and scale of the eruptions, and perhaps the cause.

"It makes we wonder whether we may see some external forcing mechanism, like the impact for the Deccan Traps, for other flood basalts that lead up to major peaks in eruptions, like the Columbia River basalts or the Siberian Traps," Renne said. "Could a major earthquake in nearby subduction zones or the accumulation of pressure due to rising magma unleash these major episodes in flood basalts?"

Sprain noted that, in the same issue of Science, a research group at Princeton University also will publish new dates related to the Deccan Traps, some of which differ from those of the Berkeley group. Whereas the Berkeley group dated the mineral plagioclase from the actual lava flows, the Princeton group dated zircons in the sediment deposited between flows. Because it's unclear where the zircons came from, however, those dates provide only a maximum age for the , she said.

Explore further: Did dinosaur-killing asteroid trigger largest lava flows on Earth?

More information: C.J. Sprain el al., "The eruptive tempo of Deccan volcanism in relation to the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary," Science (2019). science.sciencemag.org/cgi/doi … 1126/science.aav1446

B. Schoene el al., "U-Pb constraints on pulsed eruption of the Deccan Traps across the end-Cretaceous mass extinction," Science (2019). science.sciencemag.org/cgi/doi … 1126/science.aau2422

Journal reference: Science search and more info website


TOPICS: Chit/Chat; History; Science
KEYWORDS: catastrophism; deccantraps; impact; india; kpgboundary; ktboundary; volcano; volcanoes
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Layered lava flows within the Wai Subgroup from near Ambenali Ghat, Western Ghats. Credit: Courtney Sprain


Lead author Courtney Sprain standing in front of an inflated sheet lobe in the Jawhar Formation in a quarry north of
Mumbai, India.


Map outlining exposed areas of the Deccan Traps in modern day India. Credit: Courtney Sprain

1 posted on 02/22/2019 11:10:06 AM PST by ETL
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To: ETL
"Blame"?

Isn't that a value judgment, that it was a bad thing for the dinosaurs to become extinct? Maybe they should be talking about "credit."

2 posted on 02/22/2019 11:13:53 AM PST by Verginius Rufus
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To: Verginius Rufus

And the volcanos and asteroids were just doing what volcanos and asteroids do.

You can blame them all you want, but they ain’t changing.


3 posted on 02/22/2019 11:18:29 AM PST by DannyTN
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To: ETL

I’m guessing a socialist took over managing the dinosaurs, and shortly thereafter, they ran out of them.


4 posted on 02/22/2019 11:23:54 AM PST by Caipirabob (Communists...Socialists...Fascists & AntiFa...Democrats...Traitors... Who can tell the difference?)
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To: ETL

In before The Far Side


5 posted on 02/22/2019 11:24:17 AM PST by dfwgator (Endut! Hoch Hech!)
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To: DannyTN

6 posted on 02/22/2019 11:25:16 AM PST by ETL (Obama-Hillary, REAL Russia collusion! Uranium-One Deal, Missile Defense, Iran Deal, Nukes: Click ETL)
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To: ETL

Gary Larson, the Far Side, has already solved the question of dinosaur extinction.


7 posted on 02/22/2019 11:25:28 AM PST by lurk
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To: DannyTN
You can blame them all you want, but they ain’t changing.

But you could bet your ass that the Socialist Democrats would try to tax the crap out of them.

8 posted on 02/22/2019 11:25:41 AM PST by ImJustAnotherOkie (All I know is what I read in the papers.)
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To: ETL

Only Brian William really knows, right?


9 posted on 02/22/2019 11:30:33 AM PST by laweeks
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To: Verginius Rufus

It was The Flintstones and their SUVs. /sarcasm


10 posted on 02/22/2019 11:32:33 AM PST by reg45 (Barack 0bama: Gone but not forgiven.)
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To: ETL

I think the dinosaur distinction was caused by a black hole.


11 posted on 02/22/2019 11:33:23 AM PST by blueunicorn6 ("A crack shot and a good dancer")
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To: ETL
Do volcanoes or an asteroid deserve blame for dinosaur extinction?

No. Neither volcanoes nor asteroid are moral agents.

12 posted on 02/22/2019 11:33:55 AM PST by AndyTheBear
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To: blueunicorn6
I think the dinosaur distinction was caused by a black hole.

Indeed, we would have considered the alligator a dinosaur if that black hole had not interfered.

13 posted on 02/22/2019 11:35:17 AM PST by AndyTheBear
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To: laweeks
Only Brian William really knows, right?


14 posted on 02/22/2019 11:35:36 AM PST by ETL (Obama-Hillary, REAL Russia collusion! Uranium-One Deal, Missile Defense, Iran Deal, Nukes: Click ETL)
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To: AndyTheBear

Black holes.....nuthin but trouble.


15 posted on 02/22/2019 11:39:18 AM PST by blueunicorn6 ("A crack shot and a good dancer")
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To: ETL

Both, imho.


16 posted on 02/22/2019 11:46:00 AM PST by tomkat
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To: ETL

Asteroids by themselves are fairly benign, so for these to have caused so much mayhem, it probably had volcanoes on the Asteroid and I wouldn’t be surprised if an ancestor of a Tesla SUV wasn’t also on it to be so evil. /s <;^0


17 posted on 02/22/2019 11:56:32 AM PST by Cvengr ( Adversity in life & death is inevitable; Stress is optional through faith in Christ.)
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To: ETL

Fascinating information, ETL. I didn’t know the big basalt flows were known as “traps.”

The scale is unimaginably immense...
• 160 miles across
• Up to 1.2 miles thick
• Lasting up to one million years
• Climate-altering volcanic gases leak out of underground magma chambers frequently, and not just during eruptions
• The most recent basalt flow, near the Columbia River in the Pacific Northwest, dwindled 15 million years ago after 400,000 years of eruptions.

In geologic history, 15 million years ago and 65 million years ago is not very far back. Could similar basalt flows occur again? Would the gases emitted poison the atmosphere and doom mankind?

Has anybody tried to quantify the volume of “climate-altering gases leaking out of underground magma chambers” and compare it to man-made emissions? Is it possible that this leakage together with the sun is what really controls climate and man is making negligible contributions?


18 posted on 02/22/2019 12:00:19 PM PST by ProtectOurFreedom
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To: ProtectOurFreedom

It’s the large basalt *rock formations* that are known as ‘traps’, “stair steps” in some foreign language.


19 posted on 02/22/2019 12:03:14 PM PST by ETL (Obama-Hillary, REAL Russia collusion! Uranium-One Deal, Missile Defense, Iran Deal, Nukes: Click ETL)
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To: ps
(I just hope Yellowstone doesn't explode anytime soon .. finally got a plow for my little tractor but don't think it'd handle that kinda mess   ;-)
20 posted on 02/22/2019 12:03:38 PM PST by tomkat
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