Posted on 01/26/2016 9:35:12 PM PST by SunkenCiv
Explanation: The hydrogen in your body, present in every molecule of water, came from the Big Bang. There are no other appreciable sources of hydrogen in the universe. The carbon in your body was made by nuclear fusion in the interior of stars, as was the oxygen. Much of the iron in your body was made during supernovas of stars that occurred long ago and far away. The gold in your jewelry was likely made from neutron stars during collisions that may have been visible as short-duration gamma-ray bursts. Elements like phosphorus and copper are present in our bodies in only small amounts but are essential to the functioning of all known life. The featured periodic table is color coded to indicate humanity's best guess as to the nuclear origin of all known elements. The sites of nuclear creation of some elements, such as copper, are not really well known and are continuing topics of observational and computational research.
(Excerpt) Read more at 129.164.179.22 ...
[Credit: Cmglee (Own work) CC BY-SA 3.0 or GFDL, via Wikimedia Commons]
Repeated from the other supernova photo thread...
1.
So, how far from a “normal†supernova do you have to be to avoid burning up/burning out the local atmosphere of your own planet?
2.
How many supernova’s are required to create each of the common elements? A “regular†and a regular nova burns (combines) H-H->He, He_> Li and higher as it implodes later in life, and a little bit higher weight .. But those cannot leave the star. They are trapped inside the star’s gravity field.
So, only a supernova cab low elements (isotopes) outside to another star. Can a supernova create several tiers of element-isotope building in its own collapse?
Or are we limited by stellar fusion to “one-nuclei+one-nuclei fusion mass gain per supernova?
3.
Now, there are some 10^54 “heavy weight” atomic nuclei in our solar system. How did they all get here at the same time in interplanetary cosmic space to be trapped by the proto-solar-system mass BEFORE they became planets and asteroids and comets?
4.
Interstellar “dust” clouds are certainly possible. We see them all the time in their glorious colors and shadows. None are faster than light, all are substantially below light speed - as they should be. So, how long did our solar system’s dust cloud “mass” coast through space to get here so they could coalesce into the solar system gravity field in time for fusion to light off the sun and our own earth to be formed 4.5 billion years ago?
And the “big bang”? That came from nowhere?
The Big Bang is supposedly 14 some-odd billion years old.
i have rocks and fossils on my shelf 4 billion years old.
So, that’s (14-4) x 10^9 x 365.25 x 24 x 3600 = 441,806,400 x 10^9 seconds.
Call 4.4 x 10^17 seconds to form all the nuclei from supernova’s from the Big Bang into our solar system’s “stable” current orbits with “stable” rocks and oceans and gasses and plasma.
But, you have to form all 10^50 nuclei we have measured in our little bitty solar system out here all isolated by itself in mid-interstellar space in only 4.4 x 10^17 seconds.
That means you have to
Fuse the nuclei of generation 1 into higher nuclei,
throw them out into other supernova’s,
form higher-weight nuclei in that 2nd supernova,
blow up the 2nd supernova into the 3rd supernova,
blow up the 3rd supernova to make the 4th generation nuclei,
pass those nuclei through space into the 4th generation supernova,
blow that supernova up to make the 5th generation ...
So you need to explain how you form 10^50 nuclei by supernova’s going off and exchanging nuclei through space to yield a final mass increase in interstellar space of at least 10^37 nuclei per second.
Yield.
All of those nuclei formed but not thrown out into space at exactly the right speed and direction and time to “miss” our proto-solar dust cloud go someplace else.
I think the supernova “how far” and “how many” questions could be answered via a web search (I’m taking the lazy way out).
For #3, the material came from the remains of one of the first gen stars; those materials formed both the planets and current gen stars.
There’s no way to answer #4, at least by our generation.
I think that the universe is significantly older then 14 billion years. None of the age estimates of the universe take into account of the relative density of mass at the beginning. It took a while for things to cool down before we had any matter. Where did you get your data, need input. Great post!
evoutionists are equally fractured to come up with this
You just gave me a great idea, if the math works out I’ll put your name on the paper as coauthor.
No, that is incorrect. Explosive nucleosynthesis in a supernova or a hypernova is not the only way in which the elements larger than Carbon are synthesized.
Also, the early Universe and galaxies were packed to gather in a much smaller volume of space, where they had much greater opportunity for gravitational interaction and star formation. There was much more opportunity in the early period for super giant and super massive stars to form. The more massive a star is the more short lived the star will be before it self destructs in a supernova or a hypernova. The explosive disintegration of those stars quickly seeded the new nebulae with more and more complex elements from which the next generations of supermassive, intermediate, small, and dwarf stars were formed. There was ample time in the first ten billion years before the formation of the Sun and Earth to produce innumerable generations of the short lived super giant stars. The overly massive stars formed, synthesized elements, and exploded in supernovae in only short periods of time, 3 million to 370 million years.
“if the math works out “
The math uses false assumptions and produces erroneous results.
I am just a humble applied mathematician. I only search for the truth. I have just thought of a new simple way to estimate the age of the universe. I assume nothing.
Outstanding, well stated- Do the math!!
“I assume nothing.”
That is incorrect. One of your false assumptions is:
“Call 4.4 x 10^17 seconds to form all the nuclei from supernova’s from the Big Bang into our solar system’s “stable†current orbits with “stable†rocks and oceans and gasses and plasma.”
Most of the nuclei were formed long before the formation of the Sun and Earth and probably long before the formation of the stars that went supernova and produced the nebula from which the Sun and Earth were formed. Consequently, your initial assumption about the time taken to accumulate the formed nuclei is in gross error.
That is not my post, you are quoting a post from SunkenCiv. I did not say that I agree with SunkenCiv. However, his post gave me an idea for a simple way to estimate the age of the universe.
Cosmic rays formed three elements - how exactly did that happen?
Small and large stars formed four essential organic elements - Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Sulfur.
I thought most small stars in the universe were still burning?
Only large stars formed another essential organic element - phosphorus. Are those large stars still burning?
How do you get distribution of organic elements from small and large stars without a supernova?
“That is not my post, you are quoting a post from SunkenCiv. I did not say that I agree with SunkenCiv. However, his post gave me an idea for a simple way to estimate the age of the universe.”
I recognized that, but your calculation was based on the assumption, regardless of the source, it would require not less than the >4 billion age of the Earth to synthesize those elements. In fact five generations of stars undergoing a supernova can occur in as little as 15 million years. It is also incorrect if and when anyone assumes most of the elements greater in atomic weight than Carbon are produced only in the nucleosynthesis of a supernova. There are the means by which nucleosynthesis of these heavier elements occur without a supernova. You would need to recalculate using the range of lesser and greater time periods necessary to achieve the observed nucleotide decay rates of the elements with extraterrestrial origins found in the Earth.
I have not made any calulations yet, and I will not be using SunkenCiv’s numbers. My idea has nothing to do with
nucleosynthesis.
Cosmic rays formed three elements - how exactly did that happen?
See:
Nucleosynthesis
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleosynthesis
“Small and large stars formed four essential organic elements - Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Sulfur.”
Some of the most important characteristics of a star depends upon which elements were included in the formation of the star and the total mass of the star. The smaller stars tend to be more stable, with some special exceptions, and have very long life spans. Once a star acquires to much mass, its stellar evolution results in far shorter life spans that result in its disintegration in a supernova or hypernova explosion. The remnant after the explosion may end up as a white dwarf star, neutron star, or worse. The gas and dust expanding outwards into interstellar space forms a cloud known as a nebula. New stars, planets, and other bodies condense out of the nebula due to gravity, light pressure, electrostatic forces, and more. See:
Stellar evolution
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar_evolution
“I thought most small stars in the universe were still burning?”
Usually, assuming an accident has not befallen the star, such as a collision, being consumed by a companion star, or falling into a black hole. Some white dwarfs can become a thermal runaway due to a companion star and explode into a supernova.
“Only large stars formed another essential organic element - phosphorus. Are those large stars still burning?”
It depends upon when they were formed. A star with 60 Solar masses of matter self destructs when it explodes in a supernova in only 3 million years after its formation. A star with 3 Solar masses of matter will self destruct in a supernova in 370 million years. A star with 1 Solar mass has a life span of 10 billion years. smaller stars may last far longer than 10 billion years.
“How do you get distribution of organic elements from small and large stars without a supernova?”
Small amounts are emitted from the star in the stellar winds. The bulk of such matter is distributed by supernovae, hypernovae, and perhaps by the gases streaming out from the poles of a black hole, like those found in the central regions of a galaxy.
One of my personal favorites...probably out of date now.
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