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Forming glass shapes: Lowering the 'softening temperature' via electric field
phys.org ^ | November 3, 2015 | Provided by: American Institute of Physics

Posted on 11/03/2015 12:49:31 PM PST by Red Badger

The experimental setup inside the modified Applied Test Systems model 2605 pneumatic creep tester, in which the anode was located at the top of the sample and the cathode at the bottom. The system was electrically insulated from the rest of the furnace. Credit: Jain ===================================================================================================================== On a serendipitous occasion, while attending a conference and listening to Rishi Raj, a professor of mechanical engineering at the University of Colorado Boulder, speak about the remarkable effect of moderate electrical fields on lowering the sintering temperature of certain ceramic powders, Himanshu Jain, a professor of materials science and engineering at Lehigh University, began to wonder if a similar phenomenon was possible in a glass—because he knew that the implications could be huge for glass technology.

The two professors chatted briefly during a coffee break and a spontaneous collaboration to explore the possibility began.

As the team of researchers at Lehigh University and the University of Colorado Boulder discovered and describe in Applied Physics Letters, from AIP Publishing, a similar, albeit slightly different, phenomenon is indeed possible in a glass.

The basis of the team's work and experiments is fairly straightforward: glass softens upon heating in a furnace, so it can be readily observed as the onset of rapid deformation under the application of a compressive load. "We wanted to discover whether or not 'softening behavior' could be significantly enhanced by the additional application of an electric field," said Jain.

So they ran a series of experiments centering on comparing softening temperatures while a rectangular piece of glass was heated at a constant rate under the simultaneous application of mechanical load, as well as with an electric field. Then, to "establish the generality of phenomenon and to develop an understanding of underlying mechanisms, we performed experiments on a few different glass compositions of varying properties," he noted.

Forming glass products into specific shapes requires high temperatures, which translates to consuming a considerable amount of energy. "Electrical heating is widely used in the initial melting process, but not for 'forming operations,' which require glass to be soft and easily deformable, while also keeping the desired shape," explained Jain.

The team's approach, which "lowers the softening temperature by electric field, offers the potential to save significant amounts of energy, but may also end up leading to innovative methods of 'micro-forming' because electric fields can be manipulated much more precisely and selectively than plain old heating," he added.

For the team, actually observing the softening of glass at a significantly lower furnace temperature was the most exciting part of their experiments. There were, however, some surprises along the way. "One of these 'unexpected results' was that soon after the softening of glass, we observed a strong glow coming from the anode region," Jain revealed. "Upon continued application of electrical field, we observed smoke and substantial destruction of the sample."

In terms of applications for the team's work, the results of their study will prove extremely useful for micro- and nano-forming operations in which micro- and nano-scale glass shaping is desirable, as well as for high-precision nanostamping. The same applies for modifying physical properties near electrodes.

"Gaining a better understanding of the underlying phenomenon will help us learn the limitations of glass as an electrical insulator," noted Jain. "There's tremendous interest in using glass as a supercapacitor for energy storage, for example. But it's critical not to use glass that deforms easily in such applications, so it would be helpful to know in advance how the glass will behave."

Now that the team has discovered this phenomenon of electric field-induced softening of glass, since they're a group of materials scientists, they've moved on to exploring its mechanisms and behavior during various stages.

One way to do this is to perform experiments on a broader variety of glasses with specific characteristics. "This will help us to identify glass compositions for specific applications that exploit electric-field-induced softening," Jain said.

Their goal now is to further develop electric-field-induced softening for practical applications with an industry partner.

Explore further: Discovery of anomalous softening phenomenon and shear bands suppression effect in metallic glass

More information: C. McLaren et al. Electric field-induced softening of alkali silicate glasses, Applied Physics Letters (2015). DOI: 10.1063/1.4934945

Journal reference: Applied Physics Letters

Provided by: American Institute of Physics


TOPICS: Arts/Photography; Business/Economy; Health/Medicine; Science
KEYWORDS: glass
This could be huge for a great many industries, not only for the energy savings, which are substantial, but artists and inventors can now make glass shapes for many different uses and abstract forms...........................
1 posted on 11/03/2015 12:49:31 PM PST by Red Badger
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To: Red Badger

Very interesting! Thanks.


2 posted on 11/03/2015 1:13:10 PM PST by Attention Surplus Disorder (This space for rent.)
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To: Red Badger

Interesting. One of my fascinations as a kid was watching glass workers.


3 posted on 11/03/2015 1:14:44 PM PST by doorgunner69
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To: Red Badger

If there is any interaction between this field effect and the ion exchange process for strengthening glass (”Gorilla Glass”) it could have significant implications for certain companies.


4 posted on 11/03/2015 1:33:44 PM PST by Steely Tom (Vote GOP: A Slower Handbasket)
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To: Steely Tom

A rock hit my windshield yesterday on the way to work. It left a star crack about the size of a quarter right in the middle of the driver’s side view. I was wondering if there was a way to make car windshields as tough as Gorilla Glass. This method might just do that!...................


5 posted on 11/03/2015 1:36:09 PM PST by Red Badger (READ MY LIPS: NO MORE BUSHES!...............)
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To: Red Badger

“Applied Test Systems model 2605 pneumatic CREEP tester”

Could’a used one of those in 1992, 2008, and RIGHT NOW!


6 posted on 11/03/2015 1:41:51 PM PST by G Larry (ILLEGAL IMMIGRANTS impose SLAVE WAGES on LEGAL Immigrants.)
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To: Red Badger

I took a glass blowing class once. I soon learned that glass that is red hot is only a few degrees hotter than clear glass. And the clear glass at that temperature looks just like cold glass — but it isn’t. Lost most of my fingerprints during that class. But they grew back.


7 posted on 11/03/2015 1:57:02 PM PST by jim_trent
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To: Red Badger
A rock hit my windshield yesterday on the way to work. It left a star crack about the size of a quarter right in the middle of the driver’s side view. I was wondering if there was a way to make car windshields as tough as Gorilla Glass. This method might just do that!...................

Car windshields are made of laminated glass, glass that sandwiches an inner layer of plastic. The purpose of the windshield is to yield as a body/head hits during a collision so soften the impact. You don't want to make the windshield stronger.

By the way the side windows are tempered glass which break into small pieces when smashed with a hard object. Therefore, jagged glass is not there to impede escape out of a window. A pointed hammer is a common tool sold for drivers to smash the side windows. Don't try it on the windshield.

8 posted on 11/04/2015 6:13:59 AM PST by LoneRangerMassachusetts (behind enemy lines)
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To: LoneRangerMassachusetts

Well, if this method of softening glass using electromagnetic wave energy is made portable, they might make a million repairing windshields with rock dings!...................


9 posted on 11/04/2015 6:29:37 AM PST by Red Badger (READ MY LIPS: NO MORE BUSHES!...............)
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